Antenna Direction Diagram - How to see the antenna direction diagram? https://www.whwireless.com/ Estimated 15minutes to finish reading Antenna direction map, also known as radiation direction map or far field direction map, is to describe the antenna radiation characteristics (such as field strength amplitude, phase, polarization) and the relationship between the space angle of the graph. It is an important tool to measure the performance of antenna. By observing the antenna direction diagram, we can understand the parameters and performance characteristics of the antenna. The following is how to understand and view the antenna direction diagram of some key points: First, the basic concept of antenna direction diagram - Definition: antenna direction map refers to a certain distance from the antenna (far-field conditions), the relative field strength of the radiated field (normalized modulus) with the direction of change of the graph. - Representation: Usually represented by the power direction graph or field strength direction graph, but also used to describe the phase or polarization direction graph. - Graph type: the complete direction map is a three-dimensional space graph, but in practice, usually only focus on the two main planes (such as horizontal and vertical plane) on the direction map, called plane direction map. Second, how to view the antenna direction graph 1. Identify the type of graph: o Three-dimensional directional diagram: with the antenna phase center as the center of the sphere, the radiation characteristics are measured point by point on a sphere with a sufficiently large radius to be plotted. Three-dimensional directional diagrams can fully demonstrate the radiation characteristics of the antenna, but are more complex to draw and view. o two-dimensional directional map: from the three-dimensional directional map to take a certain profile (such as horizontal or vertical plane) to get the graphics. Two-dimensional direction diagram is simple and clear, easy to quickly understand the radiation characteristics of the antenna. 2. 2. Observe the key parameters: o Main flap: the radiating flap that contains the desired direction of maximum radiation, also known as the main flap of the antenna or antenna beam. The width of the main flap is a physical quantity that measures the sharpness of the largest radiating region of the antenna. o Auxiliary flap: The flap outside the main flap is called the secondary flap or side flap. Vice valve level is the closest to the main valve and the level of the highest level of the first side of the level of the valve. o before and after the ratio: the maximum radiation direction (forward) level and its opposite direction (backward) level ratio. o Direction coefficient: a measure of the antenna in the maximum radiation direction of the concentration of the density of the radiated power flow. 3. Analyze the radiation characteristics: o Directionality: the ability of the antenna to radiate electromagn...

Regarding dB, dBm, and dBi https://www.whwireless.com/ Estimated 15minutes to finish reading DB (decibels) DB is a relative unit used to represent the ratio between two quantities. It is usually used to describe the ratio of power or voltage (or current). Definition: (dB=10 \ log_ {10} \ left (\ frac {P_2} {P_1} \ right)) or (dB=20 \ log_ {10} \ left (\ frac {V_2} {V_1} \ right)) Among them, (P_1) and (P_2) are two power values, and (V_1) and (V_2) are two voltage or current values. Note: dB is a relative unit that represents the ratio between two quantities, not an absolute value. 1. The decibel calculation formula for power ratio: When comparing two power values, the decibel calculation formula is: DB=10log10 (P1P2), where (P_1) is the reference power (usually a fixed value), and (P_2) is the power to be measured. If (P_1) is 1 watt, the above formula can be simplified as: dB=10log10 (P2), where (P_2) is the power value in watts.   2. The decibel calculation formula for voltage (or current) ratio: When comparing two voltage (or current) values, the decibel calculation formula is: dB=20log10(V1V2) perhaps dB=20log10(I1I2) Among them, (V_1) and (I_1) are reference voltages and currents (usually fixed values), while (V_2) and (I_2) are the voltages and currents to be measured. If (V_1) or (I_1) is 1 volt or 1 ampere, the above formula can be simplified as: dB=20log10(V2) perhaps dB=20log10(I2) Here (V_2) and (I_2) are voltage and current values in volts or amperes. Note: In these formulas, (\ log_ {10}) represents the logarithm based on 10. If (P_2/P_1) or (V_2/V_1) (or (I_2/I_1)) is greater than 1, then the decibel value is positive; If it is less than 1, the decibel value is negative. The larger the decibel value, the greater the multiple of (P_2) relative to (P_1) (or (V_2) relative to (V_1), or (I_2) relative to (I_1)). DBm (decibels milliwatts) DBm is an absolute unit used to represent power values, with a reference point of 1 milliwatt (0.001 watt). Definition: (dBm=10 \ log_ {10} \ left (\ frac {P} {1mW} \ right)) Where (P) is the power value to be measured. For example, if the power of a signal is 1 watt, then its power is (10 \ log_ {10} (1000)=30 dBm). DBm is commonly used to describe the power of wireless signals or the sensitivity of receivers. DBm calculation formula dBm=10log10(1mWP) Among them, (P) is the power value to be measured, in milliwatts (mW). (1mW) is the reference power value, which corresponds to the power of 0dBm. Related information 1. Unit conversion: 0dBm corresponds to 1 milliwatt (1mW). For every 3dBm increase, the power doubles; For every reduction of 3dBm, the power is halved. For example, 30dBm corresponds to 1 watt (1W), because (10 \ log_ {10} (1000)=30) (because 1W=1000mW). 2. Common conversion values: o     30dBm = 1W o     40dBm = 10W o     50dBm = 100W 3. Precautions: DBm represents the absolute value of power, not the power ratio. In the cal...

What is Radio Frequency. https://www.whwireless.com/ Estimated 5minutes to finish reading A variable current (alternating current) is generated from a radio frequency transmitter, transmitted to an antenna through a copper wire, and radiated in the form of an electromagnetic wave, which is radio frequency Radio frequency is abbreviated as RF, which is short for high-frequency electromagnetic waves, and can also be referred to as radio waves Relationship between Wifi and RF The frequency band of RF is 3Hz to 300GHz The Wifi/wireless signals we use belong to a type of radio frequency, which operates in the 2 .4G and 5GHz frequency bands. 2.4GHz Range of 2.4GHZ ~ 2.4835GHZ, each channel occupies 20M, the 2.4G is divided into 13 channels (the world divided into 14 channels, China is only 13 channels); the distance between the center frequency of each channel is 5MHz of which 1, 6, 11 channels are completely non-overlapping channels. Bluetooth, microwave ovens, cordless phones also work in the 2.4GHz, generally cause interference to the wireless signal. 5GHz There are two main ranges: 5.15GHz-5.35GHz and 5.725-5.85GHz. China's 5GHz is also divided into only 13 channels, and all of them do not overlap each other. RF and frequency band When we use the device will generally say that this device supports dual dual-band, single dual-band, dual tri-band, etc., what do these mean? Multi-channel refers to how many radio frequency cards Multi-frequency means how many frequency bands are supported, generally speaking, all the way to support only one frequency, but now we can adjust the algorithm to make a road to support multiple frequencies Dual dual-frequency: two RF cards, one 2.4GHz, one 5GHz Single dual-frequency: one RF card through the software to achieve 2.4GHz and 5GHz switching Dual tri-band: two RF cards, one 2.4GHz, one 5GHz: 5GHz can be realized through the software 5GHz switching between high frequency and low frequency www.whwireless.com

Driving into the future - All-in-one antenna brings more reliable and efficient connectivity to Robotaxi https://www.whwireless.com/ Estimated 15minutes to finish reading In today's world, autonomous driving technology is evolving and its applications are expanding rapidly, and Robotaxi (self-driving cabs) is one of the high-profile areas that are revolutionizing urban mobility. But to make Robotaxi feasible and safe, it must rely on a variety of advanced technologies. whwireless all-in-one vehicle antennas play a key role in ensuring the reliability and efficiency of communication, navigation and sensor applications. Background Robotaxi, or self-driving cabs, represent a revolutionary application of self-driving technology in urban mobility. They mark a major turning point in the future of mobility, freeing people from traditional cab services and enabling fully automated, efficient and environmentally friendly urban mobility solutions. Robotaxi refers to cabs equipped with self-driving technology that do not require a human driver to take control and instead rely on advanced sensors, artificial intelligence and computer vision systems to sense and navigate urban roads. Passengers can book a Robotaxi through a mobile app or other means and hail a vehicle when needed. Once the vehicle arrives, passengers can take a ride and the vehicle will then automatically and safely transport them to their destination. Pilot projects for the Robotaxi service have begun rolling out in Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Suzhou and Wuhan, working to commercialize the self-driving technology. These pilot projects have helped to validate the feasibility of the technology and gained valuable experience for future development. The introduction of Robotaxi will have a profound impact on urban transportation and mobility. They are expected to reduce traffic congestion, reduce traffic accidents, and improve the efficiency and sustainability of travel. At the same time, Robotaxi has the potential to improve urban air quality, reduce transportation emissions and make cities more livable. In addition, this technology can expand travel options, improve the efficiency of public transportation systems, and reduce reliance on personal vehicles. As an autonomous driving technology, Robotaxi's reliance on 5G, WiFi, and GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) is critical. 5G networks provide high-speed, low-latency communications that enable Robotaxi to exchange data in real time with central control systems, other vehicles, and infrastructure to ensure safe and efficient autonomous driving operations; WiFi connectivity expands communication options, enabling the vehicle to connect to local networks and cloud services to support real-time map updates, software upgrades, and vehicle diagnostics; and GNSS technology provides high-precision positioning and navigation information to help Robotaxi accurately determine its location, plan routes, and perform precise autonomous driving op...