The planned antenna downtilt is 4 degrees; the inner cell radius can be calculated to 190 meters and the outer cell radius to 570 meters. If the antenna were misaligned by only 1 degree (antenna downtilt angle of 3 degrees, which is 1 downtilt degree less), then the outer cell radius would be calculated to be1140m. So, we would have doubled the outer cell radius, equaling 4 times the coverage area. This example shows the sensitivity of base station antenna tilts.

The consequences of such antenna downtilt misalignments include:

• Mobile coverage holes: with too much downtilt, we are likely to encounter coverage holes, since we lack overlapping areas of neighboring cells, necessary for handovers. Dropped calls and other inferior KPIs make it easy to quickly detect such severe consequences of misaligned antennas.

• Interference issues: with too little downtilt, as in the example above, the base station radiates too far, creating interference with neighbor cells. Interference always results in worse data rates and worse capacity. These soft impacts are harder to detect.

Antenna tilt optimization should ensure that inter-cell handovers work properly and network interference is minimized. This results in improved KPIs and optimized capacity.

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